Nickel (Ni) is a metal widely used in nature. Nickel is essential for the catalytic activity of certain plants and bacterial enzymes, but its role in humans has not been clarified. Elemental nickel may be necessary for life at deficient concentrations and is essentially non-toxic.
Nickel is commonly used in industry (glassware, ceramics, paints, oil refining, plastics, batteries, catalysts, etc.). Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4 is one of the most toxic chemicals for humans. Nickel carbonyl is absorbed upon inhalation, readily crosses all biological membranes, and inhibits the activity of the ATPase and RNA polymerase enzymes. When nickel carbonyl is inhaled, it binds strongly to hemoglobin; thus, oxygen cannot be transported. Nickel carbonyl affinity for hemoglobin is higher than that of carbon monoxide. Its binding to hemoglobin is the primary transport mechanism of Ni(CO)4 throughout the body.
An increase in nickel in the blood has been observed in dialysis patients. Inhalation of high nickel powder has been associated with developing neoplasms of the respiratory system and paranasal sinuses. Most nickel reactions are localized skin sensitivity and allergic skin reactions when in contact with nickel-containing alloys. However, these reactions do not correlate with the metal concentration in the blood.
How can one determine if one has been exposed to nickel?
We can measure nickel levels in blood and most biological materials.
Determination of metals is done by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Mass Spectrometry), a method that enables the simultaneous detection of many metals. Its sensitivity and accuracy are significantly better than conventional atomic absorption, with the ability to measure metals at concentrations up to 1 in 1015 (1 in 1 quadrillion, ppq)!
Important Note
Laboratory test results are the most important parameter for diagnosing and monitoring all pathological conditions. Between 70% and 80% of diagnostic decisions are based on laboratory tests. The correct interpretation of laboratory results allows a doctor to distinguish "healthy" from "diseased."
Laboratory test results should not be interpreted solely based on the numerical result of a single analysis. They should be interpreted in relation to each individual case, family history, clinical findings, and the results of other laboratory tests and information. Your physician should explain the importance of your test results.
At Diagnostiki Athinon, we answer any questions you may have about the test you perform in our laboratory and contact your doctor to ensure you receive the best possible medical care.
