Health is not determined by a single factor, nor is it influenced in the same way in every person. Modern medicine increasingly recognizes that similar clinical presentations may arise from different biological mechanisms, different predispositions, and different needs for...
The human gut harbors an exceptionally complex ecosystem of microorganisms that perform important biological functions, from digestion and nutrient metabolism to the regulation of immune responses. This ecosystem is the gut microbiome, one of the fastest-evolving areas of modern...
Serotonin is one of the best-known neurotransmitters and is often called the “happiness hormone.” However, this description considerably oversimplifies its actual role. Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), helps regulate mood, sleep, and appetite, as well as many other...
Methylation is one of the fundamental biochemical processes in the human body and is involved in numerous functions, ranging from metabolism and the synthesis of important biological molecules to the regulation of gene expression. It involves the transfer of a small chemical...
For many years, research on neurodegenerative diseases focused primarily on neurons. Today, we know that astrocytes also play an important role in brain function. Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that supports neurons and, among other functions, regulates the cellular...
Memory is not a single, isolated brain function, but the result of a complex network involving neurons and synapses, cerebral blood flow, metabolism, sleep, hormones, and the availability of essential nutrients. In everyday life, it is common to go through periods when we find...
The human body hosts complex communities of microorganisms, including mainly bacteria, as well as fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms. The collection of these microorganisms in a specific area of the body is known as the microbiome. The gut microbiome is of particular...
The menstrual cycle is a sensitive indicator of a woman’s hormonal and overall health. The fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels that naturally occur throughout the cycle affect not only menstruation and ovulation, but also energy levels, mood, appetite, sleep, and...