The serum trace elements comprehensive profile is a laboratory test designed to assess the circulating levels of seven essential trace elements in the blood: selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). These micronutrients are fundamental for maintaining cellular integrity, enzymatic function, antioxidant defense, and metabolic homeostasis. The test is used to identify subclinical or overt deficiencies, monitor nutritional interventions, and investigate the biochemical basis of chronic fatigue, immune dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and metabolic imbalances. Given their widespread roles in the human body, even minor alterations in the concentrations of these elements can result in significant pathophysiological consequences.
Selenium is a key component of selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases, which protect cells from oxidative damage. Its levels are linked to immune modulation, thyroid hormone metabolism, and cancer risk. Zinc is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, influences gene expression through zinc-finger proteins, and plays a role in wound healing, cell division, and immune signaling. Copper acts as a cofactor in redox enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase, and its homeostasis is critical for mitochondrial function, neurotransmitter synthesis, and iron metabolism. Iron is essential for oxygen transport through hemoglobin and mitochondrial energy production, but dysregulation may lead to anemia or iron overload syndromes, which can impair organ function.
Calcium is a structural component of bones and teeth and acts as a ubiquitous second messenger in signal transduction pathways regulating muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and hormone secretion. Magnesium is a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neuromuscular excitability. Its deficiency has been associated with insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. Manganese supports antioxidant defense, mitochondrial function, and the synthesis of cartilage and connective tissue, and acts as a cofactor for enzymes like manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the mitochondria.
The measurement of serum concentrations reflects the short—to medium-term status of these elements and can uncover imbalances that might not be apparent through symptoms alone. This panel provides a detailed biochemical snapshot that can be used to guide nutritional, metabolic, and therapeutic strategies. Combined with clinical and lifestyle data, the results help elucidate underlying contributors to inflammation, oxidative stress, and systemic dysfunction.
