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16-04-2025

All About HPV: What You Need to Know About the Human Papillomavirus

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. While many HPV infections are harmless and resolve on their own, certain types of HPV are known to cause genital warts, precancerous lesions, and even cancers—including cervical, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Understanding HPV is essential for prevention, early detection, and proper management. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the virus, based on the latest scientific evidence.

What Is HPV?

HPV is a DNA virus with over 200 known types. Approximately 40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and affect the genital, anal, or oral mucosa.

HPV types are categorized into:

  • Low-risk types (e.g., 6 and 11): Mainly cause genital warts and benign lesions.
  • High-risk types (e.g., 16, 18, 31, 33...): These are associated with precancerous changes and various cancers, especially cervical cancer.
How Is HPV Transmitted?

HPV is primarily spread through:

  • Vaginal, oral, or anal sex
  • Skin-to-skin contact with infected areas
  • Occasionally, through contaminated objects (e.g., underwear, medical instruments)

Over 80% of sexually active individuals will acquire at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives, often without knowing it.

Symptoms and Clinical Presentation

Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting within 1–2 years. However, persistent infection may lead to:
Genital Warts

  • Soft, painless bumps around the genitals, anus, or mouth
  • Typically caused by HPV types 6 & 11

Precancerous or Cancerous Lesions

  • Usually asymptomatic in early stages
  • Detected via Pap smear or HPV DNA test
  • May evolve into cervical, anal, penile, vaginal, or oropharyngeal cancer
HPV and Cancer: A Critical Link

HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for:

  • ~70% of cervical cancer cases
  • A significant percentage of other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers

Cervical cancer is preventable through screening and vaccination.

Diagnosing HPV

Diagnosis is typically done through:
1. Pap Smear (Cytology Test)

  • Detects cellular abnormalities in the cervix
  • Does not directly detect the virus
     

2. HPV DNA Test

  • Identifies specific high-risk HPV types
  • Recommended for women over 30 or when a Pap test is abnormal
     

3. Colposcopy

  • Visual examination of the cervix
  • Biopsy may be performed if abnormal areas are seen
Prevention: The HPV Vaccine

Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against HPV-related diseases.
Approved vaccines:

  • Cervarix (protects against types 16 & 18)
  • Gardasil (protects against types 6, 11, 16, 18)
  • Gardasil-9 (protects against 9 HPV types)

Recommended age for vaccination:

  • 9–14 years for both boys and girls
  • May be given up to age 26, or up to 45 in some cases

Vaccination does not treat existing infections, but it can prevent new ones.

HPV Treatment

There is no cure for the virus itself, but medical treatment can manage its effects:
Genital Warts:

  • Cryotherapy (freezing)
  • Laser or electrosurgical removal
  • Topical therapies (e.g., imiquimod, podophyllin)

Precancerous Lesions:

  • Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)
  • Cold knife conization
  • Laser ablation or surgical excision
  • Regular monitoring with Pap and HPV tests

Most immune systems clear the virus spontaneously over time.

HPV in Men

Although often under-discussed, HPV affects men too. They can:

  • Transmit the virus to sexual partners
  • Develop genital warts, penile cancer, or anal cancer
  • Be asymptomatic carriers

Male vaccination and education are essential components of community-wide protection.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can I get HPV even if I use condoms?
Yes. HPV spreads through skin-to-skin contact, and condoms may not cover all infected areas.

If I have HPV, do I have cancer?
No. Most HPV infections do not cause cancer and clear up on their own. However, regular screening is essential to catch any changes early.

Can I have sex if I have HPV?
Yes, but it’s recommended to inform your partner and take precautions, including condom use and regular checkups.

Conclusion

HPV is one of the most widespread and often misunderstood viruses. While the majority of infections are harmless, some can lead to serious health issues, including cancer.

Vaccination, routine screening, and public awareness can significantly reduce the impact of HPV. Diagnostiki Athinon strongly supports prevention and early detection as the best defense.

Talk to your doctor about:

  • HPV vaccines
  • HPV DNA testing
  • Pap smears
  • Wart treatments and cervical screening programs
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